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Forests belonged to the King, especially along the border zones, and played not only an economic, but also a strategic role – felled trees were used as a form of fortification called 'abatises'. From the 14th century on it was considered proper to look after forests, and only the ruler could decree whether his subjects could cut down trees for construction. The ruler could also allow farmers rights to graze their livestock or to make charcoal, but on condition that the hinds and does could bear their young unhindered. The subjects had to cut the grass and dry the hay on forest meadows and were allowed to catch hares. Hunting of other game by anyone except the owner or his appointed huntsman was, however, prohibited under strict penalties.
 
In the forests of the time the tree cover was largely of beech and fir and mixed oak, in which only certain timber varieties would be felled: oak for water structures, beech for charcoal-burning etc. Overall, forest cover in the Middle Ages suffered considerable intervention and in some places was completely wiped out.

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