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The physical training of a boy to become a knight began before he was 7 years old. He had to know how to run, jump and climb well, and also to be able to swim. He strengthened his arms by throwing hefty rocks. Over the years boys had to become proficient in spear throwing, archery, unarmed wrestling, horsemanship, parrying with a shield and attacking. Their training also encompassed joining the hunt. The seven knightly skills according to the classical tradition were horse-riding, swimming, archery, fighting with sword and unarmed, hunting, as well as playing chess and composing poetry.
 
Similarly, burghers practised combat with different types of weapons, which came into its own especially in town defence. The towns more than anywhere else spawned sword-fighting and archery fellowships, where swordplay would be taught, initially according to the so-called German school (Deutsche Fechtschule), later in the Renaissance dominated by the Italian and Spanish schools. Shooting fellowships were devoted to archery with bows and crossbows, and with the development of gunpowder firearms came into play.

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