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In addition to the most common medieval disease – the plague, known also as the 'Black Death' - other prevalent diseases were whooping cough, cholera, influenza, malaria, tuberculosis, typhus, leprosy, anthrax and diphtheria. Great risks stemmed from commonplace mould and from giving birth. People commonly suffered from parasites, bladder problems, kidney stones and hernias. Fractures were also commonplace. Cataracts could be removed by a surgeon or an executioner.
 
Diseases spread due to poor hygiene, natural disasters, crop failures, famine, cold, humidity, wars and animal-borne contagion.

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